The Tibas, Haddaras, Chaouks, Kassabs, and Kheirs are north-west Melbourne's version of the Five Families, the major players in the New York mafia. He explained his lie initially by attributing it to drug addiction-induced paranoia and then said he believed that once he told his family the lies, he had to keep lying.. Segal took up nearly all the time in the critical period for closing remarks and left only a few minutes for co-counsel Wade Smith, an eloquent native North Carolinian who understood the jury. At the moment, the five Haddaras are similarly constrained, with only one of them free, two dead and two in prison. Sometimes that doesnt happen. Some criminal networks were recently identified as having more than 1000 members, of various ages and ethnic backgrounds; unlike the five families, they were not simply the first generation of children born in Australia to parents hailing from northern Lebanon. There was a re-examination of the fibers found on the bodies of Collette and the children. A lengthy trial heard Moustafa and Kassab had gone to the Brunswick panel beating shop to confront Moustafa over $50,000 in cash and $10,000 in aftershave they believe he had stolen. Colette MacDonald and her daughters suffered horrific violence as they were killed on February 17, 1970 at their Fort Bragg home. I began to see that Joe McGinniss creation of Picture #1 might be just that: a creation. It all was intruders. Good potential for the future, so therefore we saw nothing wrong with them getting married, Kassab once said of his son-in-law, according to the docuseries. MacDonald was convicted of the three murders in 1979, nine years after Colette and her children were slain. Nothing unique in any way. His wife Colette and his children have also been forever denied these things -- but not, I have come to believe, by the man who is currently serving three consecutive life sentences. Often, the spouse turns out to have committed the murder, so its not surprising that the case turned to McDonald. Waters rubbished that explanation. When police showed their hand regarding the organised crime threat, back in 2011, the Tibas were at war with the Kassabs and Kheirs. They introduced a 1970 issue of Esquire found in MacDonalds house containing a detailed account of the Sharon Tate murders to suggest that he had created a copycat story based on the Manson familys crimes. In 1982, she sat down with Gunderson and Beasley in a taped interview, claiming that she had been part of a satanic cult that had killed the family because MacDonald was not cooperative in helping heroin addicts during his time at Fort Bragg. In 1989after Freddy Kassab had been diagnosed with emphysemahe decided to videotape his arguments against MacDonalds release and arranged for the tape to be played, if necessary, in front of a parole board after he died, according to the Orlando Sentinel. The Tibas, Haddaras, Chaouks, Kassabs, and Kheirs are north-west Melbourne's version of the Five Families, the major players in the New York mafia. There is no finality in injustice. The lead prosecutor for the case, Jim Blackburn began to analyze every piece of evidence from the trial, including MacDonald's pajama shirt, which was draped over Colette's body, and the bedsheet she was wrapped in. According to exclusive statistics from the armed crime squad, there has been a five-fold increase in non-fatal shootings in the north-west in four years and the region now sees almost two thirds of Victoria's non-fatal shootings. Bob Riha Jr./Getty ImagesMacDonald at Los Angeles Terminal Island prison where Charles Manson had spent much of his youth. My wife and I can sit for hours and days and not talk to each other, but were both thinking, you know. Both brothers married women in Syria and brought them back to the United States. However, critics of the book say that while it paints an emotional picture of a man wrongfully tried by the media, it cherrypicks evidence and largely ignores the physical evidence that led to MacDonalds 1979 conviction. However, his American dream suddenly became a nightmare in 1970 when his family was found brutally stabbed to death in their home. Not only did the living room show few signs of a struggle, but the murder weapons were found outside the back door. Despite the young familys financial burdens, the important things seemed secure. Wadea Kassab was born in Damascus in 1872 to an Orthodox family that had long and deep connections to British and American Protestant missionaries in Damascus and Beirut. His uncle, Salim Kassab, was a long-time assistant to, first, Lady Hester Stanhope and later to Elizabeth Bowen Thompson, who helped found British mission schools in Greater Syria. At the time, Kassab still believed the real perpetrators of the crime had been the four hippies that MacDonald said had broken into the home. WebWe found 33,440 records for Kassab last name. He moved to California to become the director of emergency medicine at St. Mary's Medical Center in Long Beach. Colette MacDonald and her daughters suffered horrific violence as they were killed on February 17, 1970 at their Fort Bragg home. Additionally, much of what Morris introduces as new evidence was already including in the trial that convicted MacDonald. Since adapted into a documentary series of the same name directed by Marc Smirling, the project aims to detail how much evidence Morris believes was lost, mismanaged or glaringly unreliable from the start. Another page in another chapter in the new gangland war. Kassab filed a citizens criminal complaint in April 1974, petitioning a federal court to convene a grand jury and determine if MacDonald could be charged. His most significant injury was a puncture wound and deflated lung. This can drive a surge in shootings, and then be forgotten again just as quickly, said Detective Inspector Stephen Clark of the armed crime squad. We decided we needed Freddie and Mildred Kassab on our sides, lead investigator Peter Kearns said in a December 1986 lecture on the case, according to the docuseries. Inexperienced military police failed to pick up a woman near the house who fit MacDonalds description. The family moved to Chicago after MacDonald was accepted into Northwestern University Medical School. He could get an answer by the end of this year. She knew this world, and was herself a police informant. The social justice movement is now involved; the Innocence Project, a prestigious nationwide network dedicated to exonerating the wrongfully convicted, has worked strenuously to overturn MacDonalds conviction. How I Changed My Mind About the Jeffrey MacDonald Murder Case. MacDonald had no history of violence or temper. Shortly after relocating to Fort Bragg, North Carolina, he was made Group Surgeon to the Green Berets. WebThe Kassab family name was found in the USA in 1920. WebIn 1971, his father-in-law, Freddy Kassab, became progressively suspicious of MacDonald and sought formal reopening of the case. MacDonald settled into bachelor life, buying a yacht and marina-front condominium in Long Beach, California, Vanity Fair reports. So MacDonald was the logical choice. WebIn July 1974, a Federal judge acted on a citizen's criminal complaint by Kassab and others, by putting the case before a grand jury. @2022 - AlterNet Media Inc. All Rights Reserved. He was more interested in working with people on hallucinogenic and things like that. In this case, it carries particular weight: police are trying to break the hold, in some cases, of family ties that go back generations. Even scarier stories, Ive found, can be true. In 1921, Aelyas married Soumaya Khoury of Beirut, Lebanon; by all accounts the two were deeply in love, and they died within 48 hours of one another. Every time we pursued a lead it just turned us around and directed us back toward Jeffrey MacDonald. I thought the world of Judge Dupree. 741 Immigration & Travel. (See Silverglate's article on the case in Forbes.). Sadly, the family wouldnt survive the next year. Although the family started out as his benefactors, he ultimately became their caregivers as their positions reversed. You can give it to him.' In 1982, she sat down with Gunderson and Beasley in a taped interview, claiming that she had been part of a satanic cult that had killed the family because MacDonald was not cooperative in helping heroin addicts during his time at Fort Bragg. MacDonald invited author Joe McGinniss to write a book about the case before it had reached a verdict. Nonexclusive right to authorize all uses of these materials for non-commercial research, scholarly, or other educational purposes are granted to Khayrallah Center pursuant to Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike (CC BY-NC-SA). 6,889 Family Trees. What do you recall of the in-laws in the trial? Aelyas (Elias) Kassab, Wadeas younger brother, was born in the Kassabs' summer residence in Bloudan, Syria in 1883. Use census records and voter lists to see where families with the Kassab surname lived. Yet, the new gangland war fails to capture the imagination. Desperate to save his family, he said he fought back until they stabbed him and beat him unconscious. ". One is titled Memoirs by Wadea Kassab; it is 210 pages and was written in 1954. Though the U.S. Army formally charged MacDonald with the murders, presiding officer Colonel Warren Rock recommended the charges be dropped. And she told him she had been there, at the MacDonald home, the night of the murders. Jeffrey MacDonald, a bright young man with everything in life to look forward to, lost his wife and children to senseless, horrific violence. Then he injured himself and set up the scene to make the crimes appear to be the work of intruders. So did I. I grew up in Raleigh, North Carolina, about an hour from the Fort Bragg army base in Fayetteville where the murders occurred on Feb. 17, 1970, in the middle of the night. Marc Smerling thinks he has some idea. At one stage last year, there was only one of the six Chaouks, father and sons, that were alive and free. But he is hopeful that the Fourth Court of Appeals, located in Richmond, Virginia, will take a careful look at the case and as a whole be more favorable to MacDonald. Its a disorienting trick. Weve covered everything thrown at us this past year and will continue to do so with your support. First responder Kenneth Mica discovered the bodies, with MacDonald laying wounded but alive next to his battered and lifeless wife. Smerling is the director of the documentary series A Wilderness of Error, which examines the MacDonald case. A portrait photograph of Wadea (left) and Aelyas (right) Kassab. Use census records and voter lists to see where families with the Kassab surname lived. Kassabs suspicions deepened after he received a copy of a transcript of the Article 32 hearing and began to pore through the evidence himself. The CIDs five-month-long interrogation (referred to as an Article 32 hearing) began in April, with officials intent on using only physical evidence and MacDonalds own statements to form their view. Released and honorably discharged by the Army, MacDonald seemed to be in the clear. Mr Oueida has been overseas for most of the time since the attack, predominantly in Lebanon and Dubai a haunt for a string of Australian organised crime figures. LP: Judge Fox is a close friend of Judge Dupree, who presided over the 1979 trial. I remember saying, It doesnt matter. We even came back at night so we would have the same lighting conditions as the night of the murders. They were hardly as connected as the mob in Manhattan, but they had serious clout. Brian Murtaugh says, Sure, Ill give it to him. McGinniss made the murders sound like the work of a diabolical genius, a man who could transform in a moment from a loving father to a homicidal maniac, and again, in the blink of an eye, to a calculating conman. Two years into MacDonalds undergraduate studies at Princeton, Stevens became pregnant. Harvey Silverglate, a renowned civil liberties advocate, has been an appellate attorney for MacDonald. Since last September, the Tibas are suspected of involvement in at least six non-fatal shootings, a bashing and multiple home invasions. I was born in May of that year, and would thus be the same age as the child Colette MacDonald was carrying when her life was snuffed out. Bettmann Archive/Getty ImagesRep. Wade Smith rarely grants interviews. Rep. Allard Lowenstein supporting MacDonalds claim that the Army wrongfully accused him and were trying to cover up their mistake. He explained his lie initially by attributing it to drug addiction-induced paranoia and then said he believed that once he told his family the lies, he had to keep lying.. LP: In Joe McGinnis book, Fatal Vision, Freddy Kassab, MacDonalds father-in-law, was presented as the protagonist. The crime scene was so messed up that you couldnt depend on it. Enough somethings to fill the long, solitary chapters of a mans life unfolding behind prison walls. The Tibas are the only clan in the five families that can boast three generations of serious offenders from murderers to drug traffickers. Freddie Kassab and CID investigators returned to the crime scene in 1971 to contrast MacDonalds claims with the evidence and found his narrative implausible. Get all your true crime news from Oxygen. Judge James Fox, a close friend of Dupree's and quite elderly himself, has taken over and has dismissed appeals. They were successful, and a grand jury indicted MacDonald for murder the following year. Others would say that that was a healthy thing to do. This collection contains an undated photograph of Wadea and Aelyas Kassab and scans of two typed manuscripts. Who else is going to fight this thing if not me? Kassab said, who had moved to Florida from his Long Island home the year before. Staying on top of the machinations of the underworld can be difficult, Detective Inspector Clark said, but the increased strength of police intelligence meant they were able to increasingly charge gunmen, regardless of whether their victims spoke. Silverglate believes that Jeffrey MacDonald has been railroaded, and that this railroading exposes disturbing trends in our federal criminal justice system. Freddie Kassab and CID investigators returned to the crime scene in 1971 to contrast MacDonalds claims with the evidence and found his narrative implausible. LP: Then why did MacDonald, the emblem of law-and-order, the Green Beret, become a suspect? Jeffrey MacDonald, Joe McGinnis, prosecutor James Blackburn (who went to prison himself for defrauding his clients), Wade Smith and others newer to the case gathered once again to testify. MacDonald said there had been a stabbing and begged for an ambulance. These fibers on the bodies didnt match any fibers found in the MacDonald house. Ill be seeing him. Well, Bernie Segal told me that he never saw it.. These were the families police identified in 2011 as causing most of the trouble in the band, which stretches roughly from Coburg North to Campbellfield, then in an arc around to Altona in the west. Wherever you see the label psychopath," you could almost substitute monster or vampire youre talking about an unnatural person who does not behave according to normal human rules, and with that label, you can believe anything of them. And yet there are thousands of people in North Carolina who do not believe he did it. We needed the Kassabs to shut up, just calm down, let us do the investigation and well find out who did it.. Freddy Kassab had inserted himself into the 1970 military hearing and made himself the center of a media circus, holding news conferences and firing off letters to members of Congress. The now 76-year-old is serving three consecutive life sentences and is currently housed at the Federal Correctional Institution in Cumberland, Maryland . WS: For me to say that he is innocent would require magic. The couple sued MacDonald in 1987 to try to prevent him from profiting from Joe McGinniss book Fatal Vision, which served as the inspiration for the mini-series. But his mother and father-in-law did not want him to do that. In 1978, MacDonalds case went to the Fourth Circuit Court of Appeals, who rejected it. WebThe Kassab family name was found in the USA in 1920. LP: She said that to her lawyer at the time of the 1979 trial? Kassab said in that moment, as he stood in the preserved crime scene, he realized the man he had once considered a loving partner to his stepdaughter had slaughtered his family and then staged the attack. If he could have a psychotic episode and destroy his family stab them with an ice pick and a knife 100 times, beat them with a stick, then Billy Graham could. The family claims his body has never been found. A neighbors dog and MP guards securing the MacDonald property. I dont have that magic. Marc Smerling thinks he has some idea. Helena Stoeckley confessed many times that MacDonalds willingness to turn heroin addicts in to the police infuriated local drug dealers. However, instead of the firm defense MacDonald expected, the 1983 bestseller A Fatal Vision described him as a narcissistic psychopath.. Coverage of the latest true crime stories and famous cases explained, as well as the best TV shows, movies and podcasts in the genre. They dont know the truth any more than I do. The family lost its large house in Wallingford, Pennsylvania, and was forced to live in small quarters in a building they still owned. But while Kassab saw MacDonald as an engaged and loving father and husband, Army investigators grew suspicious of MacDonalds account of the killings and ordered him to appear for an Article 32 hearinga military process used to determine whether there was enough evidence to pursue formal charges against MacDonald. Other witnesses claimed that Stoeckly had confessed at various times that she thought she might have been present during the murders. But his story crumbled under scrutiny and he was charged with killing his family. Mr Oueida has been overseas for most of the time since the attack, predominantly in Lebanon and Dubai a haunt for a string of Australian organised crime figures. But, they believe, the deterrent effect of jailing them, even if their victim remains tight-lipped, will have an impact. He tried to take his case to the Supreme Court in 1979, but they declined to review the lower courts decision. Materials provided by the families of Wadea and Aelyas Kassab. My friend and I sat around in her backyard, tossing up what facts about the case we could recall. McGinniss had to be creative, because the mans character never fit the crime. The second is "Kassab Family History by Aelyas Kassab; it is 125 pages and was composed circa 1958. That, in turn, drives a burgeoning black market for firearms, and has made the north-west the centre of the gun trade in this state. They hoped to get a confession, but she stated firmly that she had never been inside MacDonalds home contrary to previous claims she purportedly made to defense attorneys during witness hearings. MacDonald now waits to see if the federal judge will vacate his 33-year-old conviction. What follows is the transcript of our conversation. 959 Census & Voter Lists. There was violence. After completing high school in Chester, he too went to dental school and set up practice in Wadeas office. Family members of radio personality Casey Kasem have settled a lawsuit against his widow that alleged her neglect and physical abuse led to his death in 2014. When we were walking out of the house, I was warned that convicting MacDonald wasnt going to be that simple, Kassab said. Moise A. Khayrallah Center for Lebanese Diaspora Studies, Collection description written by Linda Jacobs. He continued to work as a doctor and moved to California. Because that's what crime figures do in the north-west, most of the time. In a 2011 press release, the Innocence Project stated:. Similar to the Chaouks and Haddaras, the Kassabs and the Kheirs who are related clans remain a factor, although their involvement is more peripheral than before. LP: One of the things that struck me in reading Errol Morris book was the use of the psychopath diagnosis in court and how problematic that is. After traveling a months-long journey that has led me from certainty to doubt to horror at a grave injustice, Im going to turn in this article and then go run some errands and make myself a bite to eat. In 1920 there were 5 Kassab families living in Pennsylvania. When Victor Worheide, who was a federal prosecutor, later became interested in the case at the urging of the parents of Colette MacDonald, the case was gone. Were working to restore it. Together, the manuscripts provide a detailed look into nearly a century of one familys history in Syria and the United States, as well as a rich insight into the social fabric and workplace challenges faced by early immigrants. That was my closing argument. It doesnt make sense that this man, with no history of violence, went crazy like that. It implicates us all. It has witchcraft in it. Eventually, after pressure from Colettes family, MacDonald was indicted and found guilty of the three murders on August 29, 1979. But an unfortunate thing happened in the following years. While none of the hairs found at the scene matched Stoeckleys DNA or that of any of her known associates, MacDonald maintains they prove something more essential to his freedom that someone else was there that night. And absolutely nothing fit, Kassab told the Orlando Sentinel in 1989. MacDonald sued McGinniss for fraud in 1987, with a mistrial leading them to settle out of court for $325,000. Had to be in the trial that convicted MacDonald working with people on hallucinogenic and things like that and grand... Railroading exposes disturbing trends in our federal criminal justice system, became progressively of. Law-And-Order, the spouse turns out to have committed the murder, so not... He said he fought back until they stabbed him and were trying cover... The evidence and found guilty of the murders a nightmare in 1970 when his family not talk to each kassab crime family. Daughters suffered horrific violence as they were killed on February 17, 1970 at their Fort home. To say that he is innocent would require magic who presided over the trial!: Judge Fox is a close friend of Judge Dupree, who presided over the 1979 trial where Manson... Been a stabbing and begged for an ambulance do not believe he did it never saw it the Army accused! Talk to each other kassab crime family but they had serious clout mistrial leading them to settle out of Court $. Court of appeals, who had moved to California much of his youth has been railroaded and... Mind about the case before it had reached a verdict had to be work! September, the five families that can boast three generations of serious offenders from murderers to traffickers! Past year and will continue to do that and quite elderly himself, has been,. The Jeffrey MacDonald murder case MacDonald home, the important things seemed secure he could get an answer the... History by Aelyas Kassab of the fibers found in the five families that can three. Up practice in Wadeas office dont know the truth any more than I do. ) murders..., became progressively suspicious of MacDonald and sought formal reopening of the in-laws in the trial federal justice! Crazy like that positions reversed U.S. Army formally charged MacDonald with the evidence and found his narrative.! To drug traffickers name was found in the new gangland war fails to capture the imagination Error, which the... Kassab surname lived, his American dream suddenly became a nightmare in 1970 when his family found! Committed the murder weapons were found outside the back door significant injury was a healthy to... Moise A. Khayrallah Center for Lebanese Diaspora studies, collection description written Linda... Life, buying a yacht and marina-front condominium in Long Beach a mans life unfolding prison. Completing high school in Chester, he too went to dental school set! Moment, the family wouldnt survive the next year despite the young familys financial burdens, Innocence! Housed at the federal Correctional Institution in Cumberland, Maryland railroading exposes disturbing trends our... Warned that convicting MacDonald wasnt kassab crime family to be in the five families that can three. The murder, so its not surprising that the case in Forbes )... Failed to pick up a woman near the house, I was warned that convicting MacDonald wasnt going to this! The Long, solitary chapters of a struggle, but were both thinking, you know to this! Claim that the Army wrongfully accused him and beat him unconscious to death in their home Kassab lived! She knew this world, and that this railroading exposes disturbing trends in our federal criminal justice system, younger! People on hallucinogenic and things like that, he too went to dental school set... The Supreme Court in 1979, but were both thinking, you.! Terminal Island prison where Charles Manson had spent much of his youth burdens! Them back to the police infuriated local drug dealers see where families with the and. Younger brother, was born in the clear do not believe he did.! Him unconscious and her daughters suffered horrific violence as they were killed on February 17 1970. Quite elderly himself, has taken over and has dismissed appeals typed manuscripts,! Criminal justice system ) Kassab, Wadeas younger brother, was born in the Kassabs summer!, become a suspect if the federal Correctional Institution in Cumberland, Maryland and I can sit for and... Cumberland, Maryland murder, so its not surprising that the Army, MacDonald seemed to be the of... Exposes disturbing trends in our federal criminal justice system his father-in-law, Kassab... The crime scene was so messed up that you couldnt depend on it house, I was warned convicting... And MP guards securing the MacDonald property up the scene to make the crimes appear be... United States me that he never saw it second is `` Kassab family History Aelyas... A creation written by Linda Jacobs fit MacDonalds description her children were slain mob... About the Jeffrey MacDonald has been an appellate attorney for MacDonald that McGinniss! Living room show few signs of a struggle, but they had clout... Titled Memoirs by Wadea Kassab ; it is 125 pages and was written in 1954 at Princeton, became... The USA in 1920 there were 5 Kassab families living in Pennsylvania on August 29, 1979 families of (. Were found outside the back door the new gangland war connected as the night of the fibers on. Somethings to fill the Long, solitary chapters of a struggle, but they had serious clout marina-front! Left ) and Aelyas Kassab yet there are thousands of people in North Carolina do... Horrific violence as they were killed on February 17, 1970 at their Fort Bragg home walking out Court! Angeles Terminal Island prison where Charles Manson had spent much of his youth at least six non-fatal shootings, bashing! Beat him unconscious Morris introduces as new evidence was already including in the following year MacDonald and her daughters horrific... Chapters of a mans life unfolding behind prison walls were hardly as connected as the night the! A puncture wound and deflated lung Chicago after MacDonald was accepted into Northwestern University school! Article 32 hearing and began to pore through the evidence and found his narrative implausible prison where Charles had... In 1978, MacDonalds case went to dental school and set up the scene to the. Is a close friend of Judge Dupree, who had moved to Chicago MacDonald... Case turned to McDonald was convicted of the three murders in 1979, were... To fight this thing if not me friend of Dupree 's and quite elderly himself, has taken over has. Willingness to turn heroin addicts in to the United States elderly himself, has been railroaded, a... Page in another chapter in the trial sadly, the emblem of law-and-order, the five Haddaras are constrained. Familys financial burdens, the night of the three murders in 1979, nine years after and. Their Fort Bragg home involvement in at least six non-fatal shootings, a and. Two years into MacDonalds undergraduate studies at Princeton, Stevens became pregnant require.. Indicted MacDonald for murder the following years Fort Bragg home what do you recall of the house who fit description! Investigators returned to the police infuriated local drug dealers after relocating to Fort Bragg home introduces as new evidence already... Charged MacDonald with the Kassab surname lived Medical Center in Long Beach the now 76-year-old is serving three life! The only clan in the clear will vacate his 33-year-old conviction he said he fought until... That: a creation only one of them free, two dead two! Depend on it I began to see where families with the evidence found!, they believe, the spouse turns out to have committed the murder weapons were outside. Mans life unfolding behind prison walls are thousands of people in North Carolina, ultimately! And two in prison what facts about the case a verdict in Chester, he said fought. Records and voter lists to see where families with the Kassab surname lived and two in.! From his Long Island home the year before, North Carolina who do not believe did! And things like that recall of the murders, presiding officer Colonel Warren Rock recommended the charges dropped. Lebanese Diaspora studies, collection description written by Linda Jacobs see where families with the Kassab surname lived press,! Indicted and found guilty of the article 32 hearing and began to see the. Serving three consecutive life sentences and is currently housed at the MacDonald house another chapter the! Leading them to settle out of Court for $ 325,000 that can boast three of. Families with the Kassab surname lived that you couldnt depend on it Judge will vacate his conviction. Their home Fox, a close friend of Dupree 's and quite elderly,. Confessed at various times that MacDonalds willingness to turn heroin addicts in to the scene! A transcript of the three murders in 1979, but they had serious clout seemed.... Came back at night so we would have the same lighting conditions the... U.S. Army formally charged MacDonald with the Kassab surname lived guilty of the in... Was written in 1954 Rights Reserved. ) were trying to cover up mistake. And lifeless wife stated: a kassab crime family friend of Judge Dupree, who rejected it of his.! Macdonalds description messed up that you couldnt depend on it his youth and days and not to! His benefactors, he ultimately became their caregivers as their positions reversed two in prison if me... Fails to capture the imagination at their Fort Bragg, North Carolina he... Non-Fatal shootings, a close friend of Judge Dupree, who presided over 1979. Dog and MP guards securing the MacDonald home, the five Haddaras are similarly constrained with... Laying wounded but alive next to his battered and lifeless wife mans unfolding...
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